The history of Kingston Lacy

The pink granite Egyptian Obelisk in the garden at Kingston Lacy, surrounded by green lawns with a view of the house in the background — The Philae Obelisk at Kingston Lacy, Dorset | © National Trust Images/James Dobson

The passions and obsessions of William John Bankes shaped the Kingston Lacy we see today. Generations of the Bankes family contributed to the evolution of the estate, but it was William John who implemented some of the most fundamental changes. Find out how he set about re-imagining Kingston Lacy as a complete artwork; a treasure house of extraordinary art with interiors inspired by Venetian palaces.

An inheritance

William John was a traveller, collector and talented draughtsman with an eye for beauty. When he inherited Kingston Lacy in 1834, he considered it an awkward hybrid. The renovations his father had made in the late 18th century were no longer in fashion. They had also altered the aesthetic of the original Restoration mansion that was built for the family after the destruction of their home at Corfe Castle during the Civil War.

Changes are made

William John set about making some dramatic changes. He instructed the architect Sir Charles Barry (who was involved in the rebuilding of the Houses of Parliament) to remodel the house and clad the red-brick exterior in local Chilmark stone.

He also collected Kingston Lacy’s most important works of art. These include a group of Spanish paintings, displayed in a ‘golden room’ setting, which he acquired while following the Duke of Wellington’s campaign in the Spanish Peninsular War (c.1812-14). In Egypt, William encountered the Philae obelisk, which was later transported to Kingston Lacy with the aid of Wellington’s gun carriage.

Visitors exploring the Spanish Room at Kingston Lacy, featuring a collection of framed Spanish paintings, a large wooden table and chairs, and a visitors relaxing on a couch — Visitors exploring the Spanish Room at Kingston Lacy, Dorset | © National Trust Images/James Dobson

A passion for Egypt

Bankes travelled extensively in Europe and the Near East, particularly Egypt. He explored the country and many of its ancient sites, sailing up the Nile as far as Nubia in modern-day Sudan.

He developed a fascination with the antiquities of Egypt, which were little known by European academics at that time. He built a huge portfolio of detailed and scholarly notes, drawings, and watercolours – some made by him, others by draughtsmen at his service, that recorded buildings, inscriptions and excavations.

These complement the wide range of artefacts he acquired while he was there; among them the Philae obelisk, whose inscription played a key role in the deciphering of Egyptian hieroglyphics in the 1820s.

Into exile

William John never realised his full vision for Kingston Lacy. In 1841 he went into voluntary exile in Venice after he was charged for the second time with same-sex acts. At the time, homosexual relationships between men were punishable by death.

During his exile, William John continued to collect compulsively and commission art, marble carvings and furniture. He sent them back to his siblings in Dorset with detailed instructions for their display. But he was never able to live at Kingston Lacy again, and in 1855 William John died whilst still in exile.

It's thought that William John risked his life to visit Kingston Lacy at least once before his death. In one of his letters home, he references a minute detail on one of the doors and asks for it to be fixed. Such a detail could only have been seen in person.

A pyramid stele showing the necropolis workman Aamak (below) addressing a prayer of adoration to the sun-god, Amun-Ra, in the collection at Kingston Lacy, Dorset — A pyramid stele in the collection at Kingston Lacy, Dorset | © National Trust Images/Simon Harris

European art collection

Today Kingston Lacy is home to one of the National Trust’s most important art collections. Rubens, Titian and Sebastiano are among the great Western artists whose works decorate the walls. But Kingston Lacy is much more than a house and art collection. It is a garden that was celebrated in the early 20th century as a horticultural masterpiece; an 18th-century parkland (now home to a herd of rare Red Devon cattle); and a living landscape rich in wildlife and nature, where tenanted farms meet pre-history at Badbury Rings.

A generous gift

Kingston Lacy is the heart of the ‘richest ever gift’ to the National Trust. The 8,500-acre estate is part of the 16,000-acre Bankes estate that was bequeathed in 1981 by Henry John ‘Ralph’ Bankes. It is a grand estate, but it is also a proud family home. Above all, Kingston Lacy is an extraordinary legacy of people and place – an estate where a pocket of rural Dorset connects with the world on account of the curiosity, vision and creativity of its most influential owner, William John Bankes.

Bankes’ legacy as collector and scholar

Bankes’ art and antiquities collection, including his substantial holdings of Egyptian artefacts, remain at Kingston Lacy. His travel manuscripts are now deposited in the Dorset History Centre in Dorchester.

Both the ancient objects and the papers have proven of huge importance to Egyptologists today.