History of Lindisfarne Castle

Hudson’s housekeepers

During its period as a holiday home (c.1906–1968), Lindisfarne Castle had three different owners. These men all had different uses for it and welcomed different guests, but throughout this period there was one constant: the Lilburn family.

Jack and Hannah Lilburn began the three-generation relationship as housekeepers for the castle’s owners

From herring to housekeeping

Continuing in the tradition of most of the men on Holy Island before him, Jack Lilburn had always been a fisherman. All that changed when Edward Hudson came calling. Both Jack (known to Islanders as 'Wheeler') and his wife Hannah were to be employed as caretakers and housekeepers of Lindisfarne Castle.

Hannah looked after the castle itself and did most of the housework while Jack was responsible for maintenance and odd jobs, such as fetching coal or firewood.

Taxi for Lutyens

Jack was also responsible for collecting Hudson's guests, including Lutyens and Jekyll, and delivering them to the castle. This involved driving a horse and cart from the railway station – usually at Beal but sometimes Chathill or Belford – and bringing them across the Holy Island sands.

If the tide was in, Jack often physically carried the visitors through shallow water into a boat and rowed them across from Ross Sands, near to where the two navigation beacons are, opposite the castle.

‘My dear Jack’

Edward Hudson was certainly very fond of Jack and Hannah, as well as their children George and Linda. These youngsters would eventually succeed their parents as keepers of the castle for the later owners.

Hudson wrote to Jack in December 1921, explaining that he had sold Lindisfarne Castle. He assured him that he would visit again, and that new owner Mr Falk didn’t wish to make any difference to Jack and Hannah's lives.

'There is no master and servant business between us, we are just two friends – very fine friends – and I am very much moved by the love and friendship you and your wife give me.'

– Edward Hudson

Jack died in 1954 and Hannah followed him in 1956. They are both buried at St Mary's Church in the village. George's daughter Linda, the last Holy Island Lilburn, died in 2008.

History of the Castle Point lime kilns

Most people wouldn't associate the Holy Island of Lindisfarne with 19th-century industry, but it had a long-established lime-burning industry. Castle Point was the largest site on Holy Island, both in terms of the buildings themselves and the vast associated trackways and other features.

William Nicoll

William Nicoll of Dundee, the lime merchant responsible for the kilns’ construction, had initially built kilns on land belonging to the Lord of the Manor, Henry Collingwood Selby, to the north-west of Holy Island village. After two years he had to vacate this site and move his operation to Castle Point.

This site was chosen as it lay outside the enclosed farmland, it was close to the harbour and it was easily connected to the quarry on the north shore of the island. Permission for the development was given on 24 March 1860. By the 1861 census there were 35 men employed at the kilns.

A smooth operation

The principal features of the lime works are the kilns themselves, but the complex included much more. Wagonways snaked around the site, with earthworks, retaining walls, jetties, points, sidings, and even a bridge built under the eyes of the Royal Artillery in the castle.

We’re certain this system used steam locomotives, although ponies did most of the hard work. They hauled limestone from the jetties on the north shore, coal from the jetties, and the finished lime back to the waiting ships.

Working at the lime kilns

The men who worked at the kilns included quarrymen, lime burners, labourers, and carters. They came from all over the British Isles, with ex-navvies from Ireland and Scotland making up the bulk of the workforce.

This was a hot, smelly and dangerous job and men at the kilns often suffered caustic burns. Dust inhalation caused lung damage and, in some cases, could cause blindness.

The process of making lime

Two types of lime were produced at the kilns – quicklime and slaked lime. These were used in a variety of industries.

Quicklime was used, for example, in making lime mortar; to create ‘limelight’ in theatres; and to destroy infected bodies and carcasses in burials. Meanwhile, slaked lime had uses including making whitewash, mortar and plaster; in water and sugar purification; and to neutralise acidic soil.

From the top of the kilns, limestone and coal were added to the pot (the brick-lined well) in layers. Once loaded – a process which took several days – the kilns were lit about halfway down the structure and the fire would spread upwards.

The limestone was reduced to powder, which then filtered through a grate below the fire and was removed via the drawing arches at the base of the kiln. As the limestone burnt down, more layers of stone and coal were added at the top. Slaked lime was produced by adding water to quicklime, resulting in a violent reaction.

The end of the lime kilns

By around 1870 William Nicoll’s business was not doing well, despite his investment and apparent prosperity. The following year he was packing up the operation – his ships’ records show that the vessels were laden with equipment from the site as well as lime.

By the 1880s the lime trade was in decline, and we think the Castle Point kilns were last fired in 1900 by an island farmer to make fertiliser.

Now a Scheduled Ancient Monument, the Castle Point lime kilns remain some of the best-preserved examples of their kind anywhere in country.

The Lindisfarne Castle boat sheds

The tradition of using retired boats as sheds goes back centuries but it was particularly common in the 19th and early 20th centuries on the east coast of England. The sheds on Holy Island are probably the best surviving examples.

There are 12 boats at the harbour and three at the castle. Each has its own story to tell but the castle sheds have had a fascinating history since they were upturned.

Moving the boats

Like most other visitors to the island, Edward Hudson was rather taken with the idea of boat sheds. He organised for two to be hauled up to the base of eastern elevation of the castle, probably in about 1905. A third shed was added in late 1912 or early 1913.

The seafaring theme is consistent with Lutyens’ scheme in the building. The shape of the boat hulls is reflected in the shape of the Ship Room (which Lutyens had initially called the Boat Room before the installation of a model ship) and several objects in the collection have a maritime link.

Useful storage

Custodians Jack and later George Lilburn would buy old keelboats from up and down the coast to satisfy the demand for firewood at the castle. Most of it would be stored in the sheds. During the 1950s we think the ageing retainer Robe Kyle occasionally spent the night in the top boat shed.

In the 1970s the Lilburn family wanted somewhere for their car and a proposal was put to the National Trust to convert one of the sheds into a garage. The presence of a lean-to garage on the lower level behind the sheds tells us that this proposal was thankfully rejected.

Replacements and repairs

In 1980 the two sheds installed around 1905 collapsed under their own weight and were replaced with a Norwegian vessel, the Logresund. In the Second World War this boat had helped men flee Norway to Britain to join the Free Norwegian Army.

In 2005 the two sheds were destroyed by fire and again had to be replaced with two more, this time from a boat awaiting demolition at Leith. This vessel was very different: it was designed to hold an engine and propeller and so doesn’t have the distinctive deep keel of the original shed.

All three sheds have recently been repaired, mainly to make them water-tight, something that hadn’t been done even when they were at sea.